Extraoral:
1) Bitemark(On the cheek or neck to save space for other extraoral injuries)-->Sexual/Physical abuse.
2) Slap mark on the face (4 parallel linear cylindrical marks on cheek) -->Physical abuse.
3) Blunt object/fist mark around the orbit - subconjunctival hemorrhage -->physical abuse.
4) Strangulation mark: Linear or hand grip pattern on neck
Intraoral:
1) Lesion in the palate --> Sexual abuse - forceful oral sex.
2) Ribbon crack - frenum tear --> aggressive insertion of object in oral cavity -physical abuse/maltreatment.
3) Bitten tongue due to punches or hit by hard objects --> physical abuse.
4) Rampant caries/nursing bottle caries lesion --> neglect.
Other injuries that may be seen:
1) Ripped out hair near the auditory area --> forceful pulling of hair for forced oral sex, or physical abuse
2) Soft tissue burns (acid burn or hot food forceful feeding) --> physical abuse and/or neglect.
3) Fractured front teeth --> physical abuse.
4) Lesion on lips --> physical abuse.
References:
1) Forensic odontology, part 5. Child abuse issues: J. Hinchliffe
2) Forensic and Legal Dentistry: Klaus Rötzscher (Chapter 16: Child maltreatment)
